Diễn đạt VINGLISH của học sinh Việt Nam

Now, what should you pack? The information sheet tells you a lot about what clothing to bring ... but what about other things? Well, Tamerton House has its own small shop, but anything bigger is several miles away so you won’t have many opportunities for buying supplies. So in this last part of my talk, I’m going to explain what objects you should take with you to the Centre, what you can take if you want and also, very importantly, what you cannot take.

Several of you came up to me before this talk and asked whether you can take things like kettles, or hairdryers. The answer is, there are plenty of these electrical appliances available in the Centre and they are of the proper voltage and are checked regularly. Yours may not be, so the rules at Tamerton say you can’t bring them into the Centre ... because it’s considered a fire risk ... remember it’s a very old house. Now, another question was about cell phones. Although you definitely can’t have them on during inside talks, you equally definitely need them when you’re out on exercises ... so they’re a must, I’m afraid. Anybody who wishes to talk to me about borrowing a phone for the fortnight, please see me after this talk.

Now, the weather’s heating up at the moment and you’ll be outdoors a great deal. If you wear proper clothing, especially a hat, sun cream is optional. Also they sell high-factor cream in the shop so you don’t have to take any of your own, unless there’s a special kind you use. Now there’s a special note about things like deodorants which come in aerosol cans - I need to tell you that these are banned in the Centre because apparently they have the habit of setting off the fire alarms. If you want to take an aerosol can, you’ll actually be at risk of being told to leave.

And finally, people having been asking about whether they need to take towels. Well, the Centre does provide one towel per guest, which you’re required to wash yourself. If you’re happy with that then don’t bring another. If not, take one of your own. Just remember how much outdoor exercise you’ll be doing ... and how dirty and wet you’ll be getting ...

Ok. Let me tell you the different tracks around here. All of them start at the end of Mountain Road - and you can find a parking lot there where you can leave your vehicles. Let’s start with North Point track. It’s a gentle route through lowland forest – good for biking and probably the one for you if you have small children. There’s a wooden hut where you can stay at the end of the track but be aware that it’s really just an overnight shelter, and you’ll need to take your own sleeping bags and cooking equipment. Another option is the Silver River track. As the name suggests, you’d be following the river for most of the way, and you get to see some of our beautiful native birds, but the track also goes through a densely-forested area. Unfortunately, the signposting isn’t very good in places and you do need good map-reading skills to avoid becoming disoriented, which happens to visitors a little too frequently, I’m afraid. Valley Crossing will take you through some stunning scenery but there are several points along the way where you’ll need the level of fitness required to get over some pretty big rocks. Stonebridge is one of the shortest tracks but very steep as it takes you up to the water fall, and you do need to be in good condition to manage it. Lastly, the Henderson Ridge track will take you all the way to the summit of the mountain. Do bear in mind, though, that at this time of year the weather is very changeable and if the cloud suddenly descends, it’s all too easy to wander off the track. It’s best to check with us for a weather report on the morning you think you want to go. On the way to the summit, there’s a hotel which provides comfortable rooms and quality meals, so it’s worth climbing all…

Some of you may be interested to know the the library is offering specialised training sessions on writing a dissertation. Obviously, this is not relevant to those of you who are undergraduates. It is just for postgraduates. Your department will discuss the planning stage of the dissertation – i.e. what going to do – with you, and we will focus on the structure of it. However, the training will also include some time on the computers. I realise most of you know how to organise files but we can show you the different ways to run data programmes. Your tutors will tell you at the outset how to set out the chapters they require but you will need to ask them how they would like you to organise the bibliography because it varies depending on your subject area. When you’ve got something together the trainer here will look throug the draft version for you to see if it’s OK. And, one final point, for those of you who have registered from abroad, we can offer individual sessions on dissertations if you feel you need them. If you require language lessons then they are available from the International Centre next to the Law Department.

Good morning and welcome, everybody. I’m Jenny Stewart and I’m the staff manager here at the exhibition centre. We’re expecting this year’s International Travel Exhibition to attract over 10,000 visitors a day, ladies and gentlemen, and you are among the two hundred extra staff recruited to help look after them. Now, to help things run smoothly , we have divided you into four teams – the blue team, the green team, the red team, and the yellow team. So first I’ll explain how the teams are divided up, and then we’ll be giving you colour-coded T-shirts so we can identify you more easily.

First of all, those who will be looking after the phones and handling all calls regarding the exhibition, you will be on the red team. Now, we’ve also put the entrants staff on the red team and you’ll be stamping the entrance tickets and giving out publicity leaflets, OK?

Those of you involved in distributing entrance tickets will be on the yellow team and we’ve also put those of you who’ll be staffing the information booths around the conference centre on the yellow team, so you’ll be getting a yellow T-shirt.

Now, most of the hospitality staff have been put in the blue team, so the shifts among you and the kitchen hands will all need a blue T-shirt, but, because of the sheer numbers, all waiting staff will be on the yellow team, and this includes the bar staff among you.

Those who will be monitoring and directing the traffic in the car parks are on the green team, so you’ll need to get a green T-shirt. This year we’ve also employed a considerable number of attendants to direct the human traffic around the conference centre. Now, you’ll be working in the exhibition hall at all times, giving directions and generally helping people whenever you can, and you will be in the red team, so please collect a red T-shirt.

MAN: And here on Radio Rivenden we have Lynne Rawley, the Public Relations Officer of our own Rivenden City Theatre. Hello, Lynne.
LYNNE: Hello.
MAN: Now, the theatre is reopening soon after its three-year redevelopment programme, isn’t it?
LYNNE: That’s right, and there are a lot of improvements. The first thing people will see when they go in is that the foyer has been repainted in the original green and gold. Then the box office has been reoriented, with its own access from the side of the building instead of through the foyer, which means it can be open longer hours, and has more space, too.
The shop that used to be in the foyer, which sold books and CDs, is the one part of the redevelopment which isn’t yet complete. The plan is to find new premises for it near the theatre, and we’ve had difficulty finding somewhere suitable. We hope to reopen the shop in the next few months.
MAN: Will audiences find any difference in the auditorium?
LYNNE: Yes, we’ve increased the leg-room between the rows. This means that there are now fewer seats but we’re sure audiences will be much happier. And we’ve installed air conditioning, so it won’t get so hot and stuffy.
We already had a few seats which were suitable for wheelchair users, and now there are twice as many, which we hope will meet great demand. Something else that will benefit audiences is the new lifts. The two we used to have were very small and slow. They’ve now gone, and we’ve got much more efficient ones.
MAN: Anything for the performers?
LYNNE: Yes, we’ve made a number of improvements backstage. The small, dark dressing rooms we used to have have been converted into two large airy rooms, so they’re much more comfortable now. And the state-of-the-art electronic sound and lighting systems have been installed.

Student: I expect it will take me a while to find what I need. There’s such a lot here

Librarian: Yes, there is. But if you need help getting started, this term we are running three study skills workshops.

Student: Oh? What are they on?

Librarian: Er…Let me see.. The first one’s on resources. Yes, here it is. How to use the library’s resources. That includes everything, not just the print and other technical resources.

Student: That sounds useful. Is there anything about how do use the Internet?

Librarian: Er..Let see. The one on the Internet for beginner was last term. This term it’s on finding research material online.

Student: That sounds interesting, too. What’s the last one?

Librarian: It’s the workshop on dissertation.

Student: What do you mean? How to write one?

Librarian: No. It’s more to do with academic writing conventions, you know, writing bibliography, how to refers to sources in your text, that sort of things. Anyway, here’s the leaflet with the information about all three.

Student: Thanks a lot. That would be very useful.

Librarian: You’re welcome

Vocabulary:

• dissertation (noun): luận văn
• academic writing conventions: các quy cách trong trình bày bài viết học thuật

Customer: Thanks. And are there lots of places to go to around here?

Railperson: Oh..Yes. You can enjoy many days out. And there’s the Merthyr mining museum, which is only half an hour from Trebirch by train. Children will find it as fascinating as any theme park and they can ride in the original miner’s lifts and the coal trains. There are special excursion tickets which include entrance fees. Mainline trains also offer direct services to Bristol, where you can visit the docks or spend a great day out with the children in the zoo, which is set in the parkland that used to surround the old castle. Special family away-day fares are available for this service now during the school holidays. Alternatively, you can be in Birmingham in only an hour and a half, where there’s lots to see and do including the new and internationally-acclaimed climbing wall built on the side of the old aquarium. We will also be running a special service to Newport when the new science museum opens next year, as we anticipate a lot of visitors in the opening weeks, I’d advised you to call early to book your tickets. Is that OK?

Customer: Yes, thanks.

Welcome to the Selmore Public Library which as just been reopened after major refurbishment. This tour will introduce you to the building and its services. At any time you can stop the tour. We enter by the café and our tour begins at the issue desk.

If you stand between the information dest and the issue desk and look at the opposite wall, you will see shelves of book in the left-hand corner. (11) This is where you will find a large number of novels and short stories.  They are arranged alphabetically. If you’re looking for something in particular and it’s not on the shelf you can reserve it. The next area, directly opposite the issue desk, (12) is a section where people can study. The library provides computers for users free of charge on the next floor beside the reference books but this area is for people to use their own laptops. You should ask for the internet passcode at the information desk.

In the right-hand corner of this floor there is a café. A selection of daily newspapers is always available there but you can also take magazines into the café to read while you have a drink. (13) You will find these on the racks to the left of the café and there is a large selection. They are for reference only and cannot be borrowed but you are welcome to photocopy any articles of interest. We ask you fiction or any other books from the shelves into the café.

Next to the café is the exit door leading to the stairs and escalator to the other floors. The largest collection of books in the library is fiction (14)  and the next largest is non-fiction which is in the corner of this floor opposite the café.  These can all be borrowed as opposed to the reference books on the next floor, most of which cannot be taken out of the library – but they can be photocopied. There are several photocopiers available for this purpose downstairs in the basement. To one side of the issue desk is a door leading onto a gallery. This was added to the library as a public space where talks are given once a week on a Saturday by visiting authors of both fiction and non-fiction. (15) It also houses the biography section. There are notices advertising the talks in the study area.

Any books that you want to borrow should be taken to the issue desk. Before we leave this floor I will give you some information about using the library. There are also helpful notices by the information desk.

To join the library and take books out, you need a membership card. Take your passport or identity card, as well as proof of your home address, to the information desk and you will be issued with a card. (16)  After a period of two years, all readers are required to go to the desk with a document that has their name and current address on it so the library can keep up-to-date records of where people are living. There’s no charge for this but any lost cards are charged at £5.

If you can’t find the book you want on the shelves, you can reserve it. If it’s in another library in the city, we can usually get it for you within a week. If someone else has borrowed it, it can take a few weeks. (17) Either way, we notify you by phone or email when the item is available to be picked up.  We will hold it for you for five days.

Books can be borrowed for fourteen days and can be renewed for a further two weeks. Children’s books also have a two-week borrowing period. The same system exists for CD-ROMs and CDs but (18) DVDs, both children’s and adult’s, can only be borrowed for up to seven days. It isn’t possible to renew them. Some reference books can be borrowed but normally only for one day, so 24 hours.

The library opening hours have been changed slightly. Instead of opening late on Wednesday evenings till 8PM, we will be closing at 6, as on other weekdays, (19) but we will close at 7 instead of 5.30 on Saturdays and a new development – we are going to open on Sunday mornings from next month – 9 to 1. We are closed on public holidays and notices are posted in the library about these.

Before you go upstairs, please note that if you are going to the exhibition area on the third floor, large bags are not allowed. (20) There are lockers beside the reference area on the second floor where you can deposit them. If you need change, you can get that from the information desk on the first floor.

Now press ‘pause’ and proceed to the second floor. When you reach the top of the stairs press ‘play’.

Ok. Moving on. Unfortunately, there’s been increase in the number of minor crimes and antisocial behaviour in a general area. And I want to talk about some specific prevention measures that are being proposed.

First of all, the skate park. As you probably know, it’s well used among younger people in our community, but unfortunately we are getting more and more reports of broken glass, making it especially dangerous for younger children. One possile solution here is to get rid of some of the trees and bushes around the park, making it more visible to passers-by and vehicles. If the vanes all known that they are being watched, this might act as a deterrent.

As you would have heard, a couple of local primary schools have also been vandalized recently despite the presence of the security guards. The schools don’t have the fund for video surveillance, so we need people in the neighborhood to call their nearest police station and report any suspicious activity immediately. Please don’t hesitate to do this.

I expect most of you are familiar with the problems facing Abbotsford Street. It seems that no amount of warning signs or speed cameras will slow speeding drivers down. I’m happy to say, however, that the council had a cree to begin work over the next few months to put in a new roundabout.

What else? Oh. Yes! The newsagent and the gift shops on the Victoria street were both broken into last week, and although no money was taken, the properties have suffered from some serious damage. Access was gained to these shops through the small alleyway at the back of the property. It’s dark and as you can imagine, nobody saw the thief or thieves in action. So, we’ve been advising shop owners long there about what kind of video recording equipment they can have put in. We’ll then be able to get evidence of any criminal activity on film.

The supermarket car park is also on out list of problem areas. We’ve talked to the supermarket managers and council authorities and we advised them to get graffiti cleaned off immediately and get the smashed light replaced. If you don’t deal with this sort of thing at once, there’s a strong possibility that the activivty will increase and spread, and then it becomes….

Ok. Moving on. Unfortunately, there’s been increase in the number of minor crimes and antisocial behaviour in a general area. And I want to talk about some specific prevention measures that are being proposed.

First of all, the skate park. As you probably know, it’s well used among younger people in our community, but unfortunately we are getting more and more reports of broken glass, making it especially dangerous for younger children. One possile solution here is to get rid of some of the trees and bushes around the park, making it more visible to passers-by and vehicles. If the vanes all known that they are being watched, this might act as a deterrent.

As you would have heard, a couple of local primary schools have also been vandalized recently despite the presence of the security guards. The schools don’t have the fund for video surveillance, so we need people in the neighborhood to call their nearest police station and report any suspicious activity immediately. Please don’t hesitate to do this.

I expect most of you are familiar with the problems facing Abbotsford Street. It seems that no amount of warning signs or speed cameras will slow speeding drivers down. I’m happy to say, however, that the council had a cree to begin work over the next few months to put in a new roundabout.

What else? Oh. Yes! The newsagent and the gift shops on the Victoria street were both broken into last week, and although no money was taken, the properties have suffered from some serious damage. Access was gained to these shops through the small alleyway at the back of the property. It’s dark and as you can imagine, nobody saw the thief or thieves in action. So, we’ve been advising shop owners long there about what kind of video recording equipment they can have put in. We’ll then be able to get evidence of any criminal activity on film.

The supermarket car park is also on out list of problem areas. We’ve talked to the supermarket managers and council authorities and we advised them to get graffiti cleaned off immediately and get the smashed light replaced. If you don’t deal with this sort of thing at once, there’s a strong possibility that the activivty will increase and spread, and then it becomes….

Now we want all our visitors to have an exciting time when they come to the park but our first priority must be safety. Parents and guardians know their children’s behaviour and capabilities. But here at the park we have set certain conditions for each of the rides to ensure that all visitors get the maximum enjoyment out of the experience and feel secure at all times. There are four major rides at the park. Our newest ride is the River Adventure which is designed to reproduce the experience of white-water rafting. No amount of protective clothing would make any difference so only go on this ride if you’re prepared to get wet! Children under eight can go on this ride, but all under sixteens must have an adult with them.

Not all of our rides are designed for thrills and spills. Our Jungle Jim rollercoaster is a gentler version of the classic loop the loop, specially created for whole family enjoyment - from the smallest children to elderly grandparents, suitable for all levels of disability and health conditions. Carriages have comfortable seating for up to eight people, with safety belts for each passenger which must be worn at all times. Sit back and enjoy the scenery!

One of the best established and most popular of Camber’s rides is the massive Swoop Slide. Whizz down the polished vertical slide nine metres in height and scream to your heart’s content. There are no age or height restrictions. Be careful though - you must have on long trousers so you won’t get any speed burns!

And then there’s the famous Zip Go-kart stadium with sixteen carts: eight for single drivers and eight for kids preferring to ride along with mum, dad or carer. Take part in high-speed races in our specially designed Formula One-style karts - but no bumping other karts, please. All riders must be above one point two metres because they have to be able to reach the pedals ... even in the shared karts.

Full details of all safety features are available on our website at www.Camberspark.com.

So come and make a day of it at Camber’s Theme Park!

For my presentation, I’m going to summarise what I’ve found out about efforts to save one plant species ... the juniper bush. It once flourished in Britain and throughout the world’s temperate zones, but over the last few decades has declined considerably. Before I go on to explain the steps being taken to save it in England, let me start by looking at some background information and why the juniper has been so important in cultural as well as ecological terms, historically and in the present day.

Firstly, I want to emphasise the fact that juniper is a very ancient plant. It has been discovered that it was actually amongst the first species of plants to establish itself in Britain in the period following the most recent (31) Ice Age. And, as I say, it has a much valued place in British culture. It was used widely as a fuel during the Middle Ages because, when burnt, the smoke given off is all but (32) invisible and so any illicit activities involving fire could go on without being detected, for example, cooking game hunted illegally. It also has valuable medicinal properties. Particularly during large epidemics, oils were extracted from the juniper wood and sprayed in the air to try to prevent the spread of (33) infection in hospital wards. And these days, perhaps its most well known use is in cuisine...cooking, where its berries are a much-valued ingredient, used to (34) flavour a variety of meat dishes and also drinks.

Turning now to ecological issues, juniper bushes play an important role in supporting other living things. If juniper bushes are wiped out, this would radically affect many different insect and also (35) fungus species. We simply cannot afford to let this species die out.

So, why is the juniper plant declining at such a rapid rate? Well a survey conducted in the north and west of Britain in two thousand and four to five showed that a major problem is the fact that in present-day populations, ratios between the (36) sexes are unbalanced and without a proper mix of male and female, bushes don’t get pollinated. Also, the survey found that in a lot of these populations, the plants are the same age, so this means that bushes grow old and start to die at similar times leading to (37) swift extinction of whole populations.

Now, the charity Plantlife is trying to do something to halt the decline in juniper species. It’s currently trying out two new major salvage techniques, this time focusing on (38) lowland regions of England. The first thing it’s trying is to provide (39) shelters for the seedlings in areas where juniper populations are fairly well established. These, of course, are designed to help protect the plants at their most vulnerable stage. A further measure is that in areas where colonies have all but died out, numbers are being bolstered by the planting of (40) cuttings which have been taken from healthy bushes elsewhere.

Now, I hope I’ve given a clear picture of the problems facing this culturally and ecologically valuable plant and of the measures being taken by Plantlife to tackle them. If anyone has any questions, I’d be happy to ...

Tony: So how did you get on with your school-based research, Phoebe?

Phoebe: Well, it was exhausting but really valuable.

Tony: Good. What was the specific focus you chose?

Phoebe: My title is ‘Attitudes towards study among eleven-twelve year-old pupils’.

Tony: Right. And what made you choose that focus?

Phoebe: Well, that’s a bit difficult ... lots of my classmates decided on their focus really early on.. .mainly on the basis of what they thought would help in their future career, you know, in their first year’s teaching.

Tony: So that’s what helped you decide?

Phoebe: Actually, it was that I came across a book written by experienced teachers on student attitudes and that motivated me to go for the topic.

Tony: So what were your research questions or issues?

Phoebe: Well I wanted to look at the ways students responded to different teachers particularly focusing on whether very strict teachers made teenagers less motivated.

Tony: And, from your research, did you find that was true?

Phoebe: No, not from what I saw you know, from my five days’ observation, talking to people and so forth.

Tony: OK ... We’ll talk about the actual research methods in a moment, but before that, can you briefly summarise what your most striking findings are.

Phoebe: Well, what really amazed me was the significant gender differences, I didn’t set out to focus on that but I found that boys were much more positive about being at school ... girls were more impatient, they talked a lot about wanting to grow up and leave school.

Tony: Very interesting.

Phoebe: Yeah ... it is. From doing the research it was clear to me that you might start out to focus on one thing but you pick up lots of unexpected insights.

Tony: Right. Did you get any insights into teaching?

Yes, certainly. I was doing a lot of observations of the way kids with very different abilities collaborate on certain tasks, you know, help each other and I began to realise that the lessons were developing in really unexpected ways.

Tony: So what conclusion do you draw from that?

Phoebe: Well, I know it’s necessary for teachers to prepare lessons carefully but it’s great if they also allow lessons to go their own ways.

Tony: Good point. Now, I’m really pleased to see you doing this - analysing and drawing conclusions based on data.

Phoebe: But surely this isn’t proper data ...

Tony: Because it’s derived from such small-scale research? Well, as long as you don’t make grand claims for your findings, this data is entirely valid.

Phoebe: Hmm .

Tony: I like the way you’re already stepping back from the experience and thinking about what you’ve learned about research ... well done.

Phoebe: But I know I could have done it better.

Tony: As you become more experienced you’ll find ways to reduce the risk of difficulties.

Phoebe: OK.

Tony:          So, let’s look in more detail at how you gathered your data. Let’s start with lesson observation.

Phoebe:      Well, it generally went quite smoothly. I chose my focus and designed my checklist. Then teachers allowed me into their classes without any problems, which surprised me. It was afterwards that the gruelling work started!

Tony:          Yeah, it’s very time consuming, isn’t it? Making sense of...analysing ... your observation notes.

Phoebe:      Absolutely. Much more so than interview data, for example ... that was relatively easy to process, though I wanted to make sure I used a high-quality recorder ... to make transcription easier and I had to wait until one became available.

Tony:          Right. And did you interview some kids as well?

Phoebe:      In the end, yes, I talked to ten, and they were great. I’d imagined I’d be bored listening to them, but.. .

Tony:          So it was easy to concentrate?

Phoebe:      Sure. One of the teachers was a bit worried about the ethics, you know, whether it was right to interview young pupils, and it took a while for him to agree to let me talk to three of the kids in his class but he relented in the end.

Tony:          Good. What other methods did you use?

Phoebe:      I experimented with questionnaires, but I really regret that now. I decided to share the work with another student but we had such different agendas it ended up taking twice as long.

Tony:          That’s a shame ... it might be worth you reflecting on ways you might improve on that for future projects .

Phoebe:      You’re right, yeah.

Tony:          OK.

Phoebe:      And the other thing I did was stills photography. I didn’t take as many pictures as I’d hoped to .

Tony:          Lack of time?

Phoebe:      It’s pretty easy just snapping away ... but I wanted each snap to have a purpose, you know, that would contribute to my research aims and I found that difficult.

Tony:          Well, that’s understandable, but remember...

Tutor: We’re very pleased to welcome Professor Isaac Nebworth to our tutorial group today and he’s come to share one of his pet passions with us – City traffic and our western dependence on the motor car. I believe questions are quite welcome throughout.
Professor: Thank you. Well, I know you’re all very familiar with the super highway here in Melbourne. But do super highways automatically lead to super wealth, as our politicians would have us believe? I think not.
Tutor: Can you give us an example of what you mean exactly?
Professor: Sure. Well, by continuing to encourage this dependence on the motor car, (21) we simply create more congestion and more urban sprawl.  And you can see that here in Melbourne right under your nose.
Student: Excuse me. I would just like to say that I feel the sprawl is part of the city. (22) The freeways mean people can enjoy the benefits of living away from the centre, on larger blocks with gardens, but still be able to drive back into the city centre for work or entertainment.
Professor: Well I’m not convinced that people want to do that. And is our money being well spent? It may be OK for you now but come back to me in five years’ time! Let’s take City Link, for example, the new freeway here in Melbourne.
Student: Well, I use the freeway all the time. I think it’s great.
Professor: Ah yes, but it cost 2 billion dollars to build, and you could have gotten ten times the value by putting the money into public transport. (23) If you give the automobile road space, it will fill that space, and you’ll soon find you’ll be crawling along your City Link.
Tutor: But surely, you cannot simply blame the car. Some of the blame must rest with governments and city planners?
Student: Well there is an argument, surely, that (24) building good roads is actually beneficial because most new cars these days are highly efficient – they use far less petrol than in the past and emissions of dangerous gases are low. Old congested roads, on the other hand, encourage traffic to move slowly and it’s the stationary cars that cause the pollution and smog, whereas good roads increase traffic speeds and thus the amount of time cars are actually on the roads.
Professor: Well… this is the old argument put forward by the road lobby but, for me it’s clear cut. Roads equal cars which equal smog. Public transport is the way to go.
Tutor: Now, on that topic of public transport, I read somewhere recently that Australia isn’t doing too badly in the challenge to increase the use of public transport.
Professor: Better than America, granted, but by comparison with Canada, it’s not so good. For instance, if you compare Toronto with the US metropolis of Detroit only 160 kilometres away, in Detroit only 1% of passenger travel is by public transport whereas in Toronto it’s 24% which is considerably better than (25) Sydney which can only boast 16%.
Tutor: Well I think it’s encouraging that our least car- dependent city is actually our largest city. 16% of trips being taken on public transport in Sydney, isn’t too bad.
Professor: But it’s a long way behind Europe. Take both London and Paris for instance, where 30% of all trips taken are on public transport.
Tutor: Well, they do both have an excellent underground system.
Professor: (26) And Frankfurt comes in higher still at 32%.
Tutor: I understand that they’ve been very successful in Copenhagen at ridding the city of the car. Can you tell us anything about that experiment?
Professor: Yes indeed. Copenhagen is a wonderful example of a city that has learnt to live without the motor car. Back in the 1960s they adopted a number of policies designed to draw people back into the city. For instance (27) they paid musicians and artists to perform in the streets. They also built cycle lanes and now 30% of the inhabitants of Copenhagen use a bicycle to go to work. Sydney by comparison can only boast 1% of the population cycling to work.
Student: It could have something to do with all the hills!
Professor: Then they banned cars from many parts of the city and (28) every year 3% of the city parking is removed and by constantly reducing parking they’ve created public spaces and clean air.
Student: Really!
Professor: There are also freely available bicycles which you can hire for practically nothing. And of course, they have an excellent public transport system.
Student: Well, that’s all very well for Copenhagen. But I’d just like to say that some cities are just too large for a decent public transport system to work well. Particularly in areas with low population, because (29) if there aren’t many people using the service then they don’t schedule enough buses or trains for that route.
Professor: I accept that there is a vicious circle here but people do need to support the system.
Student: And secondly (30) the whole process takes so long because usually you have to change, you know, from bus to train – that sort of thing , and that can be quite difficult. Ultimately it’s much easier to jump in your car. And often it turns out to be cheaper.
Professor: Sure, but cheaper for whom, you or society? We have to work towards the ideal and not give in all the time because things are too difficult. Anyway, let's move on to some of the results of the survey.

Good morning everyone, and welcome to our outdoor survival programme. As you know, this week you’ll be learning some of the basic information and skills you need to look after yourself independently in the outdoors. These first two days we’ll be based here in the classroom, and then we’ll be taking a camping trip to put into practice some of the things you’ve learned.

I’m going to start off with the topic of food. And to start with I’ll describe just two methods which we’ll be putting into practice at our camp, and which make use of natural resources: the steam pit and the bamboo pot. I’ve got two posters here to make things clearer ... And I’ll start with the steam pit here ...

To make this you’ll need some dry sticks, some grass, some loose earth and some stones. And for this week only, some matches!

The first thing you do is to dig a shallow pit in the place you’ve chosen to do your cooking. Let’s say about twenty five centimetres deep, and thirty centimetres wide. (11) Your sticks have to be a bit wider than the pit, because you have to put a line of them along the top from one end of the pit to the other. Before setting light to these you take (12) some large stones and arrange them on top. Then you start the fire and wait till the wooden platform burns through and the stones fall into the pit. At this point, brush away any pieces of hot (13) ash from the stones - you can use a handful of grass - and then take another stick and push it down into the centre of the pit, between the stones. After that you cover the whole pit with a thick layer of (14) grass. And then you can put your food on it. wrapped in more pieces of grass, like parcels. Finally, cover the whole thing with (15) earth. You have to pat it firmly to seal the pit. Then all you have to do is take the stick out and pour a bit of (16) water into the opening that it leaves. It should take about four hours for your food to cook, as it cooks slowly in the steam that’s created inside the pit.

So ... simple but effective. The other method you’re going to practise this week is the bamboo oven. Now the steam pit is ideal in certain conditions because the heat is below ground level, for example, if there’s a strong wind and you’re afraid a fire might spread. But when it’s safe to have an open fire you can use the bamboo oven method. You get a length of bamboo, which as you probably know is hollow, and consists of a number of individual sections with a wall in-between. You use a sharp stick to make a hole in each of the dividing walls apart from the end one. Then you lean the bamboo over a fire, with the top propped up by a forked stick and the bottom sitting on the ground. You pour enough water in the top to fill the bottom section, and then (17) light a fire underneath that section to heat the water. Then you put your food inside the top section, and the (18) steam coming up the bamboo through the holes you made cooks it.

I’m going to move on now, to food itself, and talk about some of the wild plants you might cook. I’m going to begin with fungi - that’s mushrooms and toadstools. I’m sure you’ll be aware that some of these are edible, and they’re delicious, but some of them are highly poisonous. Now whether they’re poisonous or not, all fungi that you find in the wild should be cooked before eating, because that helps to destroy any compounds in them that might be mildly toxic. But be aware that (19) any amount of cooking won’t make poisonous varieties any safer to eat. Unless you can definitely identify a fungus you should never eat it. It’s not worth the risk. And you need to be really sure, because (20) some fungi that are poisonous are very similar in appearance to certain edible varieties. They can easily be mistaken for each other. So ... having said all that, fungi are delicious when they’re freshly picked, and although they are only moderately nutritious, they do contain minerals which the body needs.

I’ll move on now to leafy plants, which are generally ...