Câu phức - Complex Sentence

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After

At a later time

·   After she gave me some advice, I knew how to solve this problem.

·   Soon/Shortly after moving to London, she got a new job.

·   A year after leaving his job, he is still unemployed.

Although/ (Even) Though

(Though is more common than although in general, especially in speaking)

But

·   He decided to go, although I begged him not to.

·   She'll probably come tonight, although I don't know exactly when.

Because / As / Since

‘Because’ is more common than ‘as’ and ‘since’, both in writing and speaking while ‘as’ and ‘since’ are more formal than ‘because’.

‘As’ and ‘since’ focuses more on the result than the reason, whereas ‘because’ focuses on the reason rather than ‘as’ and ‘since’.

To connect the result of something with its reason.

·   We can't go to Julia's party because we're going away that weekend.

·   Just because I'm lending you my dress for tonight doesn't mean you can borrow it whenever you want to.

·   Since we've got a few minutes to wait for the train, let's have a cup of coffee.

·   I think that they're not coming, since they haven't replied to the invitation.

·   As everyone already knows each other, there’s no need for introductions.

·   I hope they’ve decided to come as I wanted to hear about their India trip.

Before

At an earlier time

·   Before the boss comes to the office, we must finish this report and put it on his desk.

·   You should always check your oil, water and tyres before taking your car on a long trip.

If / As long as

Used to say that a particular thing can or will happen only after something else happens

·   I'll pay you double if/as long as you get the work finished by Friday.

·   You can have a dog if/as long as you promise to take care of it.

If / Whether

Note: we use ‘whether’ and not ‘if’:

1) directly before ‘or not’;

2) after prepositions;
3) before to-infinitives (talk about future plans or decisions);

Indirect speech;

Shows two or more possibilities:

·   Mrs. Kim called half an hour ago to ask if/whether her cake was ready.

·   I'm going, if/whether she likes it or not.

·   I’m going, whether or not she likes it.

·   We’re not interested in whether we get great jobs, we just want to have a good time.

·   I am wondering whether to have the fish or the beef.

While / Whilst

(Whilst more formal, less common than while)

during the time that (trong khi)

·   I gained a lot of weight while I was on holiday.

·   I read it while you were drying your hair.

·   While I was in Italy, I went to see my old friend.

despite the fact that; Although (mặc dù)

·   While I accept that he's not perfect in many respects, I do actually like the man.

·   While I fully understand your point of view, I also have some sympathy with Michael's.

compared with the fact that; But (nhưng, còn)

·   Tom is very extrovert and confident while Katy's shy and quiet.

·   He wanted to go the party while I wanted to stay in.

When

At a point of time

(tại thời điểm)

·   She was only 20 when she had her first baby.

·   When the new park opens, I’ll go there every day.

Whereas

Warning: ‘Whereas’ means the same as ‘while’ in sentences expressing contrasts. It does not mean the same as ‘while’ when ‘while’ refers to time

to indicate a contrast between two facts or ideas

·   He loves foreign holidays, whereas/while his wife prefers to stay at home.

·   Whereas/While the population of working age increased by 1 million between 1981 and 1986, today it is barely growing.

·   The secretary took care of my appointments while I was away from the office.

Not: … whereas I was away from the office.