Matching information - Nối hai vế với nhau là dạng bài yêu cầu thí sinh phải tìm đoạn văn có chứa thông tin được cho. Dạng bài này thường dễ mất nhiều thời gian của thí sinh nếu không nắm được phương pháp cách làm. Có nhiều bạn vì mất nhiều thời gian cho dạng bài này mà không kịp làm hết cả bài thi.
Matching Information - Nối 2 vế với nhau là dạng là dạng bài tập yêu cầu tìm đoạn văn có chứa thông tin được cho. Đây là dạng bài đọc khá phổ biến trong IELTS reading , bạn được cho 4-5 câu thông tin từ bài đọc và được hỏi là các câu nói đó thuộc đoạn văn (paragraph).
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Format đề Matching information
Format đề Matching Information
Cụ thể, bạn sẽ được cho 4-5 câu thông tin từ bài đọc và yêu cầu phân tích, chọn đáp án câu nói đó thuộc đoạn văn (paragraph). Các dạng thông tin bao gồm:
- a fact
- an example
- a reason
- a summary
- a definition
Chiến thuật làm bài
Bước 1: Đọc kỹ yêu cầu đề bài và gạch chân từ khóa trong thông tin được cho sẵn
Bước 2: Scan và khoanh vùng thông tin chứa từ khóa
Bước 3: Đối chiếu thông tin cho trước và thông tin trong đoạn văn
Bước 4: Lựa chọn đáp án
Phân tích cụ thể:
C. Yawning is universal to humans and many animals. Cats, dogs and fish yawn just like humans do, but they yawn spontaneously. Only humans and chimpanzees, our closest relatives in the animal kingdom, have shown definite contagious yawning. Though much of yawning is due to suggestibility, sometimes people do not need to actually see a person yawn to involuntarily yawn themselves: hearing someone yawning or even reading about yawning can cause the same reaction.
D. However, contagious yawning goes beyond mere suggestibility. Recent studies show that contagious yawning is also related to our predisposition toward empathy— the ability to understand and connect with others’ emotional states. So empathy is important, sure, but how could it possibly be related to contagious yawning? Leave it up to psychologists at Leeds University in England to answer that. In their study, researchers selected 40 psychology students and 40 engineering students. Generally, psychology students are more likely to feel empathy for others, while engineering students are thought to be concerned with objects and science. Each student was made to wait individually in a waiting room, along with an undercover assistant who yawned 10 times in as many minutes. The students were then administered an emotional quotient test: students were shown 40 images of eyes and asked what emotion each one displayed. The results of the test support the idea that contagious yawning is linked to empathy. The psychology students—whose future profession requires them to focus on others—yawned contagiously an average of 5.5 times in the waiting room and scored 28 out of 40 on the emotional test. The engineering students—who tend to focus on things like numbers and systems—yawned an average of 1.5 times and scored 25.5 out of 40 on the subsequent test.
Read paragraphs A—F. Which paragraph contains the following information? NB You may use any letter more than once.
1. Humans’ imaginations can cause yawning.
2. Research shows that yawning is closely related to occupations.
3. An overview of the latest research in yawning.
4. Yawning is used to regulate brain temperature.
5. Scientists discovered some evidence disproving the early understanding of yawning.
Bước 1. Đọc kỹ yêu cầu đề bài
và gạch chân từ khóa trong thông tin được cho sẵn
Lưu ý Keywords (Từ khóa) sẽ có 2 dạng từ khóa: Changeable keywords và Unchangeable Keywords.
- Changeable keywords là những từ khóa có thể biến đổi được trong bài. Là những Từ có khả năng bị paraphrase hoặc (Cụm) Danh từ, động từ, tính từ…
- Unchangeable keywords là những từ khóa không bị biến đổi, ví dụ như: tên riêng, tên khoa học, con số, dữ liệu, ngày tháng…
Lưu ý: Với các dạng bài headings, chúng ta nên làm song song hoặc làm các dạng bài khác trong passage trước. Cách này có thể tiết kiệm thời gian làm bài vì bạn đã nắm được kha khá các thông tin nhờ các bài tập khác.
Gạch chân từ khóa trong các câu sau
1. Humans’ imaginations can cause yawning.
2. Research shows that yawning is closely related to occupations.
Bước 2. Scan
và khoanh vùng thông tin chứa từ khóa
Thông tin câu 1 “Humans’ imaginations can cause yawning” có thể nằm trong đoạn C
Thông tin câu 2 “Research shows that yawning is closely related to occupations” có thể nằm trong đoạn D
Bước 3. Đối chiếu thông tin
Việc đối chiếu thông tin chủ yếu nhằm mục đích xác định thêm một lần nữa rằng, thông tin có chính xác nằm trong đoạn này hay không.
Thông thường từ khóa có thể xuất hiện ở:
- 1 đoạn duy nhất trong bài chọn ngay được đáp án
- Nhiều hơn 1 đoạn trong bài, do vậy cần đối chiếu tất cả các thông tin một lần nữa.
1. Humans’ imaginations can cause yawning= hearing someone yawning or even reading about yawning can cause the same reaction.
2. Research shows that yawning is closely related to occupations.=In their study, researchers selected 40 psychology students and 40 engineering students……….. The results of the test support the idea that contagious yawning is linked to empathy. The psychology students—whose future profession requires them to focus on others—yawned contagiously an average of 5.5 times in the waiting room and scored 28 out of 40 on the emotional test. The engineering students—who tend to focus on things like numbers and systems—yawned an average of 1.5 times and scored 25.5 out of 40 on the subsequent test.
Bước 4. Lựa chọn đáp án
Do thông tin đã xác định được thông tin đoạn văn, nên đáp án ta có là
1- C, 2- D
Check- up
Read the passage and do the task
The nature of Yawning
A. While fatigue, drowsiness or boredom easily bring on yawns, scientists are discovering there is more to yawning than most people think. Not much is known about why we yawn or if it serves any useful function. People have already learned that yawning can be infectious. “Contagious yawning” is the increase in likelihood that you will yawn after watching or hearing someone else yawn, but not much is known about the under-lying causes, and very little research has been done on the subject. However, scientists at the University of Albany, as well as the University of Leeds and the University of London have done some exploration.
B. It is commonly believed that people yawn as a result of being sleepy or tired because they need oxygen. However, the latest research shows that a yawn can help cool the brain and help it work more effectively, which is quite different from the popular belief that yawning promotes sleep and is a sign of tiredness. Dr. Andrew Gallup and his colleagues at the University of Albany in New York State said their experiments on 44 students showed that raising or lowering oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood did not produce that reaction. In the study participants were shown videos of people laughing and yawning, and researchers counted how many times the volunteers responded to the “contagious yawns”. The researchers found that those who breathed through the nose rather than the mouth were less likely to yawn when watching a video of other people yawning. The same effect was found among those who held a cool pack to their forehead, whereas those who held a warm pack yawned while watching the video. Since yawning occurs when brain temperature rises, sending cool blood to the brain serves to maintain the best levels of mental efficiency.
C. Yawning is universal to humans and many animals. Cats, dogs and fish yawn just like humans do, but they yawn spontaneously. Only humans and chimpanzees, our closest relatives in the animal kingdom, have shown definite contagious yawning. Though much of yawning is due to suggestibility, sometimes people do not need to actually see a person yawn to involuntarily yawn themselves: hearing someone yawning or even reading about yawning can cause the same reaction.
D. However, contagious yawning goes beyond mere suggestibility. Recent studies show that contagious yawning is also related to our predisposition toward empathy— the ability to understand and connect with others’ emotional states. So empathy is important, sure, but how could it possibly be related to contagious yawning? Leave it up to psychologists at Leeds University in England to answer that. In their study, researchers selected 40 psychology students and 40 engineering students. Generally, psychology students are more likely to feel empathy for others, while engineering students are thought to be concerned with objects and science. Each student was made to wait individually in a waiting room, along with an undercover assistant who yawned 10 times in as many minutes. The students were then administered an emotional quotient test: students were shown 40 images of eyes and asked what emotion each one displayed. The results of the test support the idea that contagious yawning is linked to empathy. The psychology students—whose future profession requires them to focus on others—yawned contagiously an average of 5.5 times in the waiting room and scored 28 out of 40 on the emotional test. The engineering students—who tend to focus on things like numbers and systems—yawned an average of 1.5 times and scored 25.5 out of 40 on the subsequent test. The difference doesn’t sound like much, but researchers consider it significant. Strangely enough, women, who are generally considered more emotionally attuned, didn’t score any higher than men.
E. Another study, led by Atsushi Senju, a cognitive researcher at the University of London, also sought to answer that question. People with autism disorder are considered to be developmentally impaired emotionally. Autistics have trouble connecting with others and find it difficult to feel empathy. Since autistics have difficulty feeling empathy, then they shouldn’t be susceptible to contagious yawning. To find out, Senju and his colleagues placed 49 kids aged 7 to 15 in a room with a television. 24 of the test subjects had been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, the other 25 were non-autistic kids. The test subjects were shown short clips of people yawning as well as clips of people opening their mouths but not yawning. While the kids with autism had the same lack of reaction to both kinds of clips, the non-autistic kids yawned more after the clips of people yawning.
F. There also have been studies that suggest yawning, especially psychological “contagious” yawning, may have developed as a way of keeping a group of animals alert and bonding members of a group into a more unit one. If an animal is drowsy or bored, it may not be as alert as it should to be prepared to spring into action and its yawning is practically saying, “Hey, I need some rest, you stay awake”. Therefore, a contagious yawn could be an instinctual reaction to a signal from one member of the herd reminding the others to stay alert when danger comes. So the theory suggests evidence that yawning comes from the evolution of early humans to be ready to physically exert themselves at any given moment.
Read paragraphs A—F. Which paragraph contains the following information? NB You may use any letter more than once.
1. Humans’ imaginations can cause yawning.- C
2. Research shows that yawning is closely related to occupations. D
3. An overview of the latest research in yawning.
4. Yawning is used to regulate brain temperature.
5. Scientists discovered some evidence disproving the early understanding of yawning.
Mẹo làm bài Matching Information
Những điều cần chú ý khi làm bài
Có một đặc điểm của bài dạng Matchinh Information là bạn sẽ thường thấy có nhiều đoạn văn hơn câu hỏi do đó một vài đoạn văn sẽ không có câu trả lời. Nhưng có một vài đoạn văn lại chứa nhiều câu trả lời. Khác với dạng bài “heading matching question” thì dạng này bạn sẽ phải tìm “specific information – thông tin cụ thể” của đoạn văn thay vì tìm ý “general meaning” cho cả bài. Và bạn cũng phải đọc toàn bộ đoạn văn thay vì chỉ scan và đọc chú trọng câu đầu hay câu cuối.
Có những vấn đề mà bài thi này gây khó cho người thi là:
- Câu hỏi không dễ xác định, có thể liên quan đến toàn đoạn văn chứ không phải là một đoạn.
- Sắp xếp câu hỏi không theo trật tự bài đọc
- Thông tin trong câu hỏi không phải là ý chính
- Đôi khi 1 đoạn văn có thể chứa nhiều câu trả lời
Tips làm bài hiệu quả
Với những vấn đề trên, bạn nên trang bị cho mình những kỹ năng cần thiết để vượt qua bài thi dễ dàng hơn. Cụ thể, có một số kỹ năng cần thiết dưới đây:
- Skimming/Understanding general meaning (Skimming và hiểu ý chính của bài). Việc này sẽ giúp bạn xác định được đoạn văn bạn cần đọc để tìm đáp án. Bạn cần hiểu được toàn bài văn trước khi tìm đáp án cho từng câu hỏi.
- Looking for synonyms – intensive reading (Tìm từ đồng nghĩa – chú ý đọc kĩ hơn để tránh bẫy)
- Nhiệm vụ của bạn là tìm kiếm những từ, cụm từ có nghĩa tương tự với từ, cụm từ trong câu hỏi. Vậy bạn cần nắm được Key word trong câu hỏi. Ví dụ “Why bats hunt in the dark” được nối với cụm “natural selection has favored bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade”
- Sẽ có nhiều đoạn văn hơn câu hỏi, vì thế một vài đoạn văn sẽ không có câu trả lời;
- Một vài đoạn văn có thể chứa nhiều câu trả lời.
Luyện tập có đáp án
Passage 1
Agricultural tourism
A. Agricultural tourism is a worldwide trend which offers city dwellers a chance to escape urban concrete and re-discover their rural roots. In addition, visiting farmers, agronomists and other agricultural experts can evaluate worldwide developments in agriculture, which have been greatly influenced by modern technology. Agriculture and tourism—two of Wisconsin’s most important industries—are teaming up in southwestern Wisconsin. A pilot project has found that tourists, rural communities, and some farmers could benefit from stronger efforts to promote and market agricultural tourism there. More than one-half of those surveyed responded favourably to a proposed tour, saying they would be interested in participating in some types of agricultural tour in southwestern Wisconsin.
B. In 1990, agricultural tourism project members surveyed 290 visitors to the annual Monroe Cheese Festival and 164 visitors to the Picnic on the Farm, a one-time event held in Platteville in conjunction with the Chicago Bears summer training camp. Survey respondents reported that they would prefer to visit cheese factories, sausage processing plants, dairy farms, and historical farm sites, as well as enjoy an old- fashioned picnic dinner. The study also found strong interest in visiting specialty farms (strawberries, cranberries, poultry, etc.). More than 7 5 percent of the Cheese Day visitors planned ahead for the trip, with 3 7 percent planning at least two months in advance. More than 40 percent of the visitors came to Monroe for two- or three-day visits. Many stopped at other communities on their way to Cheese Days. Visitors at both events indicated that they were there to enjoy themselves and were willing to spend money on food and arts and crafts. They also wanted the opportunity to experience the “country” while there.
C. The study found that planning around existing events should take into account what brought visitors to the area and provide additional attractions that will appeal to them. For example, visitors to Cheese Days said they were on a holiday and appeared to be more open to various tour proposals. Picnic visitors came specifically to see the Chicago Bears practice. They showed less interest in a proposed agricultural tour than Cheese Day visitors, but more interest in a picnic dinner. (The table below results from the 1990 survey of Monroe Cheese Days and Picnic on the Farm visitors and shows how the visitors would rank various activities in the proposed tour.
Interest in specific activities in proposed tour
| Activity | Cheese Days (Rank) | Picnic (Rank) |
| Cheese Factory Visit | 1 | 2 |
| Sausage Processing Visit | 2 | 2 |
| Dairy Farm Visit | 3 | 5 |
| Picnic Dinner | 3 | 1 |
| Historical Farm Visit | 3 | 3 |
| Crop Farm Visit | 4 | 6 |
D. Agricultural tourism can serve to educate urban tourists about the problems and challenges facing farmers, says Andy Lewis, Grant county community development agent. While agriculture is vital to Wisconsin, more and more urban folk are becoming isolated from the industry. In fact, Lewis notes, farmers are just as interested in the educational aspects of agricultural tours as they are in any financial returns. “Farmers feel that urban consumers are out of touch with farming,” Lewis says. “If tourists can be educated on issues that concern farmers, those visits could lead to policies more favourable to agriculture.” Animal rights and the environment are examples of two issues that concern both urban consumers and farmers. Farm tours could help consumers get the farmer’s perspective on these issues, Lewis notes.
E. Several Wisconsin farms already offer some types of learning experience for tourists. However, most agricultural tourism enterprises currently market their businesses independently, leading to a lack of a concerted effort to promote agricultural tourism as an industry. Lewis is conducting the study with Jean Murphy, assistant community development agent. Other participants include UW-Platteville Agricultural Economist Bob Acton, the Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems, UW- Extension Recreation Resources Center, the Wisconsin Rural Development Center, and Hidden Valleys, a Southwestern Wisconsin regional tourism organization.
F. This past fall, Murphy organized several workshops with some Green and Grant County farmers, local business leaders, and motor coach tour operators to discuss how best to organize and put on farm tours. Committees were formed to look at the following: tour site evaluations, inventory of the area’s resources, tour marketing, and familiarization of tours. The fourth committee is organizing tours for people such as tour bus guides and local reporters to help better educate them about agricultural tourism. Green County farmers already have experience hosting visitors during the annual Monroe Cheese Days. Green county Tourism Director Larry Lindgren says these farmers are set to go ahead with more formal agricultural tours next year. The tours will combine a farm visit with a visit to a local cheese factory and a picnic lunch.
G. Another farm interested in hosting an organized tour is Sinsinawa, a 200-acre Grant County farm devoted to sustainable agriculture and run by the Dominican Sisters. Education plays a major role at the farm, which has an orchard, dairy and beef cows, and hogs. Farm tours could be combined with other activities in the area such as trips to the Mississippi River and/or visits to historical towns or landmarks, Lewis says. The project will help expose farmers to the tourism industry and farm vacations as a way to possibly supplement incomes, he adds. While farm families probably wouldn’t make a lot of money through farm tours, they would be compensated for their time, says Lewis. Farmers could earn additional income through the sale of farm products, crafts, and recreational activities.
Question 1-4
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A—G in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1. Nearly half of all the surveyed tourists would spend several days in Monroe.
2. Most visitors responded positively to a survey project on farm tours.
3. Cooperation across organisations in research for agriculture tours has been carried out.
4. Agriculture tours help tourists understand more about zoological and ecological issues.
Questions 5-9
Which of the following statements belongs to the visitor categories in the box? Please choose A, B or C for each statement.
Write the correct letter A, B or C, in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once
A. Cheese Festival visitors
B. Picnic visitors
C. Both of them
5. have a focused destination.
6. majority prepare well before going beforehand.
7. were comparably less keen on picnic meals.
8. show interest in activities such as visiting factories and fruit farms.
9. are willing to accept a variety of tour recommendations.
Đáp án:
Check up
1. Đáp án: C
Câu cuối của đoạn văn này có câu “Though much of yawning is due to suggestibility, sometimes people do not need to actually see a person yawn to involuntarily yawn themselves: hearing someone yawning or even reading about yawning can cause the same reaction”. Câu văn này ám chỉ rằng việc con người chỉ cần tưởng tượng đến việc ngáp cũng có thể khiến họ làm theo như vậy.
2. Đáp án: D
Trong đoạn văn D, chúng ta có được thông tin từ câu văn thứ 5, khi ở đây tác giả đang nhắc đến một thí nghiệm về tần suất ngáp với các sinh viên đến từ hai chuyên ngành khác nhau là Tâm lý học (Psychology) và Kỹ thuật (Engineering). Kết quả đã cho thấy, các sinh viên Tâm lý học có tần suất ngáp cao hơn sinh viên ngành Kỹ thuật do đặc thù công việc trong tương lai
của họ.
3. Đáp án: A
Ở câu đầu tiên của toàn bài đọc, tác giả đã chỉ ra rằng “còn rất nhiều điều chúng ta chưa biết về hiện tượng ngáp” (scientist are discovering there is more to yawning than most people think). Các câu văn phía sau đã liệt kê thêm điều chúng ta đã biết (việc nó có tính lây lan) và điều chúng ta còn chưa biết (nguyên nhân gây ngáp).
4. Đáp án: B
Câu cuối đoạn văn B có nói rằng “Since yawning occurs when brain temperature rises, sending cool blood to the brain serves to maintain the best levels of mental efficiency”, ám chỉ rằng việc ngáp giúp điều chỉnh nhiệt độ của não.
5. Đáp án: B
Ở câu văn thứ 2 của đoạn văn B, tác giả nói rằng “However, the latest research shows that a yawn can help cool the brain and help it work more effectively, which is quite different from the popular belief that yawning promotes sleep and is a sign of tiredness”. Điều này đồng nghĩa với việc các nhà khoa học đã tìm ra bằng chứng chứng minh những hiểu biết đời đầu
của chúng ta về hiện tượng ngáp.
6. Đáp án: B
Câu cuối đoạn văn B có nói “women, who are generally considered more emotionally attuned, didn’t score any higher than men”, chứng tỏ rằng không có sự khác biệt trong hiện tượng ngáp ở cả hai giới tính. Đây là thí nghiệm được thực hiện bởi các chuyên gia tại Trường Đại học Leeds.
Luyện tập
Passage 1
1. Đáp án: B
Thông tin cho câu hỏi nằm ở đoạn cuối đoạn văn B của bài đọc “More than 40 percent of the visitors came to Monroe for two- or three-day visits”.
2. Đáp án: A
Thông tin cho câu hỏi nằm ở câu cuối đoạn văn đầu tiên của bài đọc “More than one-half of those surveyed responded favourably to a proposed tour, saying they would be interested in participating in some types of agricultural tour in southwestern Wisconsin”.
3. Đáp án: E
Thông tin cho câu hỏi nằm ở đoạn cuối của đoạn văn E “Lewis is conducting the study with Jean Murphy, assistant community development agent. Other participants include UW- Platteville Agricultural Economist Bob Acton, the Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems, UW- Extension Recreation Resources Center, the Wisconsin Rural Development Center, and Hidden Valleys, a Southwestern Wisconsin regional tourism organization”.
4. Đáp án: D
Thông tin cho câu hỏi nằm ở câu cuối đoạn văn D “Animal rights and the environment are examples of two issues that concern both urban consumers and farmers. Farm tours could help consumers get the farmer’s perspective on these issues, Lewis notes”.
5. Đáp án: B
Thông tin cho câu hỏi nằm ở đoạn chót cuối đoạn văn B “More than 40 percent of the visitors came to Monroe for two- or three-day visits. Many stopped at other communities on their way to Cheese Days”.
6. Đáp án: A
Thông tin cho câu hỏi nằm ở câu giữa đoạn văn B “More than 7 5 percent of the Cheese Day visitors planned ahead for the trip, with 37 percent planning at least two months in advance”.
7. Đáp án: A
Thông tin cho câu hỏi nằm ở câu cuối đoạn văn C “They showed less interest in a proposed agricultural tour than Cheese Day visitors, but more interest in a picnic dinner”.
8. Đáp án: C
Thông tin cho câu hỏi nằm ở đoạn giữa đoạn văn B “Survey respondents reported that they would prefer to visit cheese factories, sausage processing plants, dairy farms, and historical farm sites, as well as enjoy an old- fashioned picnic dinner”.
9. Đáp án: A
Thông tin cho câu hỏi nằm ở câu văn thứ hai đoạn văn C “For example, visitors to Cheese Days said they were on a holiday and appeared to be more open to various tour proposals”.
Trên đây là các bước làm dạng bài Matching Information trong IELTS Reading, các bạn cùng tham khảo nhé!
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